Collected by guardian<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

The greatest non-fiction books live here … the British Museum Reading Room.<\/p>\n

Art<\/h4>\n

The Shock of the New<\/a><\/strong> by Robert Hughes (1980)<\/p>\n

Hughes charts the story of modern art, from cubism to the avant garde<\/p>\n

The Story of Art<\/a><\/strong> by Ernst Gombrich (1950)<\/p>\n

The most popular art book in history<\/a>. Gombrich examines the technical and aesthetic problems confronted by artists since the dawn of time<\/p>\n

Ways of Seeing<\/a><\/strong> by John Berger (1972)<\/p>\n

A study of the ways in which we look at art, which changed the terms of a generation’s engagement with visual culture<\/p>\n

Biography<\/a><\/h4>\n

Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects<\/a> <\/strong>by Giorgio Vasari (1550)<\/p>\n

Biography mixes with anecdote in this Florentine-inflected portrait of the painters and sculptors who shaped the Renaissance<\/p>\n

The Life of Samuel Johnson<\/a><\/strong> by James Boswell (1791)<\/p>\n

Boswell draws on his journals to create an affectionate portrait of the great lexicographer<\/p>\n

The Diaries of Samuel Pepys<\/a><\/strong> by Samuel Pepys (1825)<\/p>\n

“Blessed be God, at the end of the last year I was in very good health,” begins this extraordinarily vivid diary of the Restoration period<\/p>\n

Eminent Victorians<\/a><\/strong> by Lytton Strachey (1918)<\/p>\n

Strachey set the template for modern biography, with this witty and irreverent account of four Victorian heroes<\/p>\n

Goodbye to All That<\/a><\/strong> by Robert Graves (1929)<\/p>\n

Graves’ autobiography tells the story of his childhood and the early years of his marriage, but the core of the book is his account of the brutalities and banalities of the first world war<\/p>\n

The Autobiography of Alice B Toklas<\/a><\/strong> by Gertrude Stein (1933)<\/p>\n

Stein’s groundbreaking biography, written in the guise of an autobiography, of her lover<\/p>\n

Culture<\/h4>\n

Notes on Camp<\/a><\/strong> by Susan Sontag (1964)<\/p>\n

Sontag’s proposition that the modern sensibility has been shaped by Jewish ethics and homosexual aesthetics<\/p>\n

Mythologies<\/a><\/strong> by Roland Barthes (1972)<\/p>\n

Barthes gets under the surface of the meanings of the things which surround us in these witty studies of contemporary myth-making<\/p>\n

Orientalism<\/a><\/strong> by Edward Said (1978)<\/p>\n

Said argues that romanticised western representations of Arab culture are political and condescending<\/p>\n

Environment<\/h4>\n

Silent Spring<\/a><\/strong> by Rachel Carson (1962)<\/p>\n

This account of the effects of pesticides on the environment launched the environmental movement in the US<\/p>\n

The Revenge of Gaia<\/a><\/strong> by James Lovelock (1979)<\/p>\n

Lovelock’s argument that once life is established on a planet, it engineers conditions for its continued survival, revolutionised our perception of our place in the scheme of things<\/p>\n

History<\/h4>\n

The Histories<\/a><\/strong> by Herodotus (c400 BC)<\/p>\n

History begins with Herodotus’s account of the Greco-Persian war<\/p>\n

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire<\/a><\/strong> by Edward Gibbon (1776)<\/p>\n

The first modern historian of the Roman Empire went back to ancient sources to argue that moral decay made downfall inevitable<\/p>\n

The History of England<\/a><\/strong> by Thomas Babington Macaulay (1848)<\/p>\n

A landmark study from the pre-eminent Whig historian<\/p>\n

Eichmann in Jerusalem<\/a><\/strong> by Hannah Arendt (1963)<\/p>\n

Arendt’s reports on the trial of Adolf Eichmann, and explores the psychological and sociological mechanisms of the Holocaust<\/p>\n

The Making of the English Working Class<\/a><\/strong> by EP Thompson (1963)<\/p>\n

Thompson turned history on its head by focusing on the political agency of the people, whom most historians had treated as anonymous masses<\/p>\n

Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee<\/a><\/strong> by Dee Brown (1970)<\/p>\n

A moving account of the treatment of Native Americans by the US government<\/p>\n

Hard Times: an Oral History of the Great Depression<\/a><\/strong> by Studs Terkel (1970)<\/p>\n

Terkel weaves oral accounts of the Great Depression into a powerful tapestry<\/p>\n

Shah of Shahs<\/a><\/strong> by Ryszard Kapu?ci?ski (1982)<\/p>\n

The great Polish reporter tells the story of the last Shah of Iran<\/p>\n

The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991<\/a><\/strong> by Eric Hobsbawm (1994)<\/p>\n

Hobsbawm charts the failure of capitalists and communists alike in this account of the 20th century<\/p>\n

We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Familes<\/a><\/strong> by Philip Gourevitch (1999)<\/p>\n

Gourevitch captures the terror of the Rwandan massacre, and the failures of the international community<\/p>\n

Postwar<\/a><\/strong> by Tony Judt (2005)<\/p>\n

A magisterial account of the grand sweep of European history since 1945<\/p>\n

Journalism<\/h4>\n

The Journalist and the Murderer<\/a><\/strong> by Janet Malcolm (1990)<\/p>\n

An examination of the moral dilemmas at the heart of the journalist’s trade<\/p>\n

The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test<\/a> <\/strong>by Tom Wolfe (1968)<\/p>\n

The man in the white suit follows Ken Kesey and his band of Merry Pranksters as they drive across the US in a haze of LSD<\/p>\n

Dispatches<\/a><\/strong> by Michael Herr (1977)<\/p>\n

A vivid account of Herr’s experiences of the Vietnam war<\/p>\n

Literature<\/h4>\n

The Lives of the Poets<\/a><\/strong> by Samuel Johnson (1781)<\/p>\n

Biographical and critical studies of 18th-century poets, which cast a sceptical eye on their lives and works<\/p>\n

An Image of Africa<\/a><\/strong> by Chinua Achebe (1975)<\/p>\n

Achebe challenges western cultural imperialism in his argument that Heart of Darkness is a racist novel, which deprives its African characters of humanity<\/p>\n

The Uses of Enchantment<\/a><\/strong> by Bruno Bettelheim (1976)<\/p>\n

Bettelheim argues that the darkness of fairy tales offers a means for children to grapple with their fears<\/p>\n

Mathematics<\/h4>\n

Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid<\/a><\/strong> by Douglas Hofstadter (1979)<\/p>\n

A whimsical meditation on music, mind and mathematics that explores formal complexity and self-reference<\/p>\n

Memoir<\/h4>\n

Confessions<\/a><\/strong> by Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1782)<\/p>\n

Rousseau establishes the template for modern autobiography with this intimate account of his own life<\/p>\n

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave<\/a><\/strong> by Frederick Douglass (1845)<\/p>\n

This vivid first person account was one of the first times the voice of the slave was heard in mainstream society<\/p>\n

De Profundis<\/a><\/strong> by Oscar Wilde (1905)<\/p>\n

Imprisoned in Reading Gaol, Wilde tells the story of his affair with Alfred Douglas and his spiritual development<\/p>\n

The Seven Pillars of Wisdom<\/a><\/strong> by TE Lawrence (1922)<\/p>\n

A dashing account of Lawrence’s exploits during the revolt against the Ottoman empire<\/p>\n

The Story of My Experiments with Truth<\/a><\/strong> by Mahatma Gandhi (1927)<\/p>\n

A classic of the confessional genre, Gandhi recounts early struggles and his passionate quest for self-knowledge<\/p>\n

Homage to Catalonia<\/a><\/strong> by George Orwell (1938)<\/p>\n

Orwell’s clear-eyed account of his experiences in Spain offers a portrait of confusion and betrayal during the civil war<\/p>\n

The Diary of a Young Girl<\/a><\/strong> by Anne Frank (1947)<\/p>\n

Published by her father after the war, this account of the family’s hidden life helped to shape the post-war narrative of the Holocaust<\/p>\n

Speak, Memory<\/a><\/strong> by Vladimir Nabokov (1951)<\/p>\n

Nabokov reflects on his life before moving to the US in 1940<\/p>\n

The Man Died<\/a><\/strong> by Wole Soyinka (1971)<\/p>\n

A powerful autobiographical account of Soyinka’s experiences in prison during the Nigerian civil war<\/p>\n

The Periodic Table<\/a><\/strong> by Primo Levi (1975)<\/p>\n

A vision of the author’s life, including his life in the concentration camps, as seen through the kaleidoscope of chemistry<\/p>\n

Bad Blood<\/a><\/strong> by Lorna Sage (2000)<\/p>\n

Sage demolishes the fantasy of family as she tells how her relatives passed rage, grief and frustrated desire down the generations<\/p>\n

Mind<\/h4>\n

The Interpretation of Dreams<\/a><\/strong> by Sigmund Freud (1899)<\/p>\n

Freud’s argument that our experiences while dreaming hold the key to our psychological lives launched the discipline of psychoanalysis and transformed western culture<\/p>\n

Music<\/h4>\n

The Romantic Generation<\/a><\/strong> by Charles Rosen (1998)<\/p>\n

Rosen examines how 19th-century composers extended the boundaries of music, and their engagement with literature, landscape and the divine<\/p>\n

Philosophy<\/a><\/h4>\n

The Symposium<\/a><\/strong> by Plato (c380 BC)<\/p>\n

A lively dinner-party debate on the nature of love<\/p>\n

Meditations<\/a><\/strong> by Marcus Aurelius (c180)<\/p>\n

A series of personal reflections, advocating the preservation of calm in the face of conflict, and the cultivation of a cosmic perspective<\/p>\n

Essays<\/a><\/strong> by Michel de Montaigne (1580)<\/p>\n

Montaigne’s wise, amusing examination of himself, and of human nature, launched the essay as a literary form<\/p>\n

The Anatomy of Melancholy<\/a><\/strong> by Robert Burton (1621)<\/p>\n

Burton examines all human culture through the lens of melancholy<\/p>\n

Meditations on First Philosophy<\/a><\/strong> by Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1641)<\/p>\n

Doubting everything but his own existence, Descartes tries to construct God and the universe<\/p>\n

Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion<\/a><\/strong> by David Hume (1779)<\/p>\n

Hume puts his faith to the test with a conversation examining arguments for the existence of God<\/p>\n

Critique of Pure Reason<\/a><\/strong> by Immanuel Kant (1781)<\/p>\n

If western philosophy is merely a footnote to Plato, then Kant’s attempt to unite reason with experience provides many of the subject headings<\/p>\n

Phenomenology of Mind<\/a><\/strong> by GWF Hegel (1807)<\/p>\n

Hegel takes the reader through the evolution of consciousness<\/p>\n

Walden<\/a><\/strong> by HD Thoreau (1854)<\/p>\n

An account of two years spent living in a log cabin, which examines ideas of independence and society<\/p>\n

On Liberty<\/a><\/strong> by John Stuart Mill (1859)<\/p>\n

Mill argues that “the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others”<\/p>\n

Thus Spake Zarathustra<\/a><\/strong> by Friedrich Nietzsche (1883)<\/p>\n

The invalid Nietzsche proclaims the death of God and the triumph of the Ubermensch<\/p>\n

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions<\/a><\/strong> by Thomas Kuhn (1962)<\/p>\n

A revolutionary theory about the nature of scientific progress<\/p>\n

Politics<\/h4>\n

The Art of War<\/a><\/strong> by Sun Tzu (c500 BC)<\/p>\n

A study of warfare that stresses the importance of positioning and the ability to react to changing circumstances<\/p>\n

The Prince<\/a><\/strong> by Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli (1532)<\/p>\n

Machiavelli injects realism into the study of power, arguing that rulers should be prepared to abandon virtue to defend stability<\/p>\n

Leviathan<\/a><\/strong> by Thomas Hobbes (1651)<\/p>\n

Hobbes makes the case for absolute power, to prevent life from being “nasty, brutish and short”<\/p>\n

The Rights of Man<\/a><\/strong> by Thomas Paine (1791)<\/p>\n

A hugely influential defence of the French revolution, which points out the illegitimacy of governments that do not defend the rights of citizens<\/p>\n

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman<\/a><\/strong> by Mary Wollstonecraft (1792)<\/p>\n

Wollstonecraft argues that women should be afforded an education in order that they might contribute to society<\/p>\n

The Communist Manifesto<\/a><\/strong> by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (1848)<\/p>\n

An analysis of society and politics in terms of class struggle, which launched a movement with the ringing declaration that “proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains”<\/p>\n

The Souls of Black Folk<\/a><\/strong> by WEB DuBois (1903)<\/p>\n

A series of essays makes the case for equality in the American south<\/p>\n

The Second Sex<\/a><\/strong> by Simone de Beauvoir (1949)<\/p>\n

De Beauvoir examines what it means to be a woman, and how female identity has been defined with reference to men throughout history<\/p>\n

The Wretched of the Earth<\/a><\/strong> by Franz Fanon (1961)<\/p>\n

An exploration of the psychological impact of colonialisation<\/p>\n

The Medium is the Massage<\/a><\/strong> by Marshall McLuhan (1967)<\/p>\n

This bestselling graphic popularisation of McLuhan’s ideas about technology and culture was cocreated with Quentin Fiore<\/p>\n

The Female Eunuch<\/a><\/strong> by Germaine Greer (1970)<\/p>\n

Greer argues that male society represses the sexuality of women<\/p>\n

Manufacturing Consent<\/a><\/strong> by Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman (1988)<\/p>\n

Chomsky argues that corporate media present a distorted picture of the world, so as to maximise their profits<\/p>\n

Here Comes Everybody<\/a><\/strong> by Clay Shirky (2008)<\/p>\n

A vibrant first history of the ongoing social media revolution<\/p>\n

Religion<\/h4>\n

The Golden Bough<\/a><\/strong> by James George Frazer (1890)<\/p>\n

An attempt to identify the shared elements of the world’s religions, which suggests that they originate from fertility cults<\/p>\n

The Varieties of Religious Experience<\/a><\/strong> by William James (1902)<\/p>\n

James argues that the value of religions should not be measured in terms of their origin or empirical accuracy<\/p>\n

Science<\/h4>\n

On the Origin of Species<\/a><\/strong> by Charles Darwin (1859)<\/p>\n

Darwin’s account of the evolution of species by natural selection transformed biology and our place in the universe<\/p>\n

The Character of Physical Law<\/a><\/strong> by Richard Feynmann (1965)<\/p>\n

An elegant exploration of physical theories from one of the 20th century’s greatest theoreticians<\/p>\n

The Double Helix<\/a><\/strong> by James Watson (1968)<\/p>\n

James Watson’s personal account of how he and Francis Crick cracked the structure of DNA<\/p>\n

The Selfish Gene<\/a><\/strong> by Richard Dawkins (1976)<\/p>\n

Dawkins launches a revolution in biology with the suggestion that evolution is best seen from the perspective of the gene, rather than the organism<\/p>\n

A Brief History of Time<\/a><\/strong> by Stephen Hawking (1988)<\/p>\n

A book owned by 10 million people, if understood by fewer, Hawking’s account of the origins of the universe became a publishing sensation<\/p>\n

Society<\/h4>\n

The Book of the City of Ladies<\/a><\/strong> by Christine de Pisan (1405)<\/p>\n

A defence of womankind in the form of an ideal city, populated by famous women from throughout history<\/p>\n

Praise of Folly<\/a><\/strong> by Erasmus (1511)<\/p>\n

This satirical encomium to the foolishness of man helped spark the Reformation with its skewering of abuses and corruption in the Catholic church<\/p>\n

Letters Concerning the English Nation<\/a><\/strong> by Voltaire (1734)<\/p>\n

Voltaire turns his keen eye on English society, comparing it affectionately with life on the other side of the English channel<\/p>\n

Suicide<\/a><\/strong> by \u00c9mile Durkheim (1897)<\/p>\n

An investigation into protestant and catholic culture, which argues that the less vigilant social control within catholic societies lowers the rate of suicide<\/p>\n

Economy and Society<\/a><\/strong> by Max Weber (1922)<\/p>\n

A thorough analysis of political, economic and religious mechanisms in modern society, which established the template for modern sociology<\/p>\n

A Room of One’s Own<\/a><\/strong> by Virginia Woolf (1929)<\/p>\n

Woolf’s extended essay argues for both a literal and metaphorical space for women writers within a male-dominated literary tradition<\/p>\n

Let Us Now Praise Famous Men<\/a><\/strong> by James Agee and Walker Evans (1941)<\/p>\n

Evans’s images and Agee’s words paint a stark picture of life among sharecroppers in the US South<\/p>\n

The Feminine Mystique<\/a><\/strong> by Betty Friedan (1963)<\/p>\n

An exploration of the unhappiness felt by many housewives in the 1950s and 1960s, despite material comfort and stable family lives<\/p>\n

In Cold Blood<\/a><\/strong> by Truman Capote (1966)<\/p>\n

A novelistic account of a brutal murder in Kansas city, which propelled Capote to fame and fortune<\/p>\n

Slouching Towards Bethlehem<\/a><\/strong> by Joan Didion (1968)<\/p>\n

Didion evokes life in 1960s California in a series of sparkling essays<\/p>\n

The Gulag Archipelago<\/a><\/strong> by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1973)<\/p>\n

This analysis of incarceration in the Soviet Union, including the author’s own experiences as a zek, called into question the moral foundations of the USSR<\/p>\n

Discipline and Punish<\/a><\/strong> by Michel Foucault (1975)<\/p>\n

Foucault examines the development of modern society’s systems of incarceration<\/p>\n

News of a Kidnapping<\/a><\/strong> by Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez (1996)<\/p>\n

Colombia’s greatest 20th-century writer tells the story of kidnappings carried out by Pablo Escobar’s Medell\u00edn cartel<\/p>\n

Travel<\/h4>\n

The Travels of Ibn Battuta<\/a><\/strong> by Ibn Battuta (1355)<\/p>\n

The Arab world’s greatest medieval traveller sets down his memories of journeys throughout the known world and beyond<\/p>\n

Innocents Abroad<\/a><\/strong> by Mark Twain (1869)<\/p>\n

Twain’s tongue-in-cheek account of his European adventures was an immediate bestseller<\/p>\n

Black Lamb and Grey Falcon<\/a><\/strong> by Rebecca West (1941)<\/p>\n

A six-week trip to Yugoslavia provides the backbone for this monumental study of Balkan history<\/p>\n

Venice<\/a><\/strong> by Jan Morris (1960)<\/p>\n

An eccentric but learned guide to the great city’s art, history, culture and people<\/p>\n

A Time of Gifts<\/a> <\/strong>by Patrick Leigh Fermor (1977)<\/p>\n

The first volume of Leigh Fermor’s journey on foot through Europe – a glowing evocation of youth, memory and history<\/p>\n

Danube<\/a><\/strong> by Claudio Magris (1986)<\/p>\n

Magris mixes travel, history, anecdote and literature as he tracks the Danube from its source to the sea<\/p>\n

China Along the Yellow River<\/a><\/strong> by Cao Jinqing (1995)<\/p>\n

A pioneering work of Chinese sociology, exploring modern China with a modern face<\/p>\n

The Rings of Saturn<\/a><\/strong> by WG Sebald (1995)<\/p>\n

A walking tour in East Anglia becomes a melancholy meditation on transience and decay<\/p>\n

Passage to Juneau<\/a><\/strong> by Jonathan Raban (2000)<\/p>\n

Raban sets off in a 35ft ketch on a voyage from Seattle to Alaska, exploring Native American art, the Romantic imagination and his own disintegrating relationship along the way<\/p>\n

Letters to a Young Novelist<\/strong> by Mario Vargas Llosa (2002)<\/p>\n

Vargas Llosa distils a lifetime of reading and writing into a manual of the writer’s craft<\/p>\n

What have we missed? Help fill in the gaps and join the debate on the blog<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bonus: IS THIS A GREAT COUNTRY OR WHAT?<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Collected by guardian The greatest non-fiction books live here … the British Museum Reading Room. Art The Shock of the New by Robert Hughes (1980) Hughes charts the story of modern art, from cubism to the avant garde The Story of Art by Ernst Gombrich (1950) The most popular art book in history. Gombrich examines […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4053"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4053"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4053\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4054,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4053\/revisions\/4054"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4053"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4053"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4053"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}